Land and natural resource governance and tenure for. Ghana is the worlds third largest producer figure 1 and the second largest exporter of cocoa beans after cote divoire figure 2. Good agricultural practices for sustainable cocoa production. Assessing the resilience of the cocoa value chain in ghana. It employs about 2 million ghanaians on farms and in processing plants. Cocoas public imagemainly as chocolatehas also significantly and positively evolved over the past few decades as research has demonstrated its association with a range of health benefits. Jurgen pohlan, valentin diaz perez encyclopedia of life support systems eolss theobroma cacao is commonly characterized by three main cacao cultivars. Agriculture sector policy note transforming agriculture for economic growth, job creation and food security. These are helpful for students in doing homework or preparing for the exams. Cocoa agroforestry for increasing forest connectivity in a. Ghana is the second largest cocoa producer and exporter in the world after ivory coast. Almost half of all producers sampled indicated no use of either fungicides or pesticides. The cocoa industry employs approximately 800,000 farm families spread over six of the ten regions of ghana. For a very long time, the preparation technique was very basic.
English began growing cocoa in jamaica, one of their colonies. Obtaining the land for cocoa cultivation this is a cost that will vary widely around the world and within a country the land must be chosen so as to provide the best soil and climate for the cocoa trees. Cocoa cultivation in ghana free download as word doc. Cocoa cultivation is a major economic activity and land use in ghana. Financial analysis of shaded cocoa in ghana beatrice darko obiri. Pdf cocoa theobroma cacao lineus has remained a valuable crop and major foreign exchange earner among other agricultural.
Apr 14, 2017 20170414 ceo of green coast group consult, mr. Importance of cocoa cocoa is a cash crop grown throughout the humid tropics with about 6. As ghanas primary agricultural export commodity and main cash crop, cocoa has been a major contributor to the countrys socioeconomic development for several decades. Although cocoa has been cultivated for centuries in central america, it is a relative newcomer to africa, and even more recent in asia.
Pdf economic analysis of cocoa production in ghana. The cocoa beans are picked from the farm and carefully removed from their cocoa pods that hold about 40 cocoa beans. In ghana, cocoa farmers face challenges such as aging trees, pests, and diseases. Being primarily a cash crop, cocoa does not contribute much to the nutritional aspects of food security. Land and natural resource governance and tenure for enabling sustainable cocoa cultivation in ghana. To improve farmers livelihoods, cocoa life has partnered with tree global, a large scale nursery operator to produce highquality cocoa seedlings to be distributed among farmers and help rehabilitate degraded farmlands. After harvesting, the cocoa beans are piled in mounds and covered with banana leaves.
The beans remain under the leaves for five to eight days, and the fermentation process releases the delicious aroma of the chocolate. Ghanas cocoa farmers are being thrust into poverty as large commercial rubber plantations expand into major cocoa producing regions. Some farms are poorly managed and more attention is given to food crops like maize 6. Today, ghana is an important producer of cocoa in the world. Cocobod was established with a mission to encourage and facilitate the production, processing and marketing of premium quality cocoa, coffee and shea nut in all forms in the most efficient and cost effective manner and maintain best mutual industrial relations with its workers. Although the livelihoods of agroforest syst 2007 71. Cocoa farming an overview international cocoa initiative. Planting, replanting and tree diversification in cocoa systems authors richard asare and sonii david collaborating partner sustainable tree crops program of the international institute of tropical agriculture p. The cocoa fruits are harvested by hand and gently pried open with a machete. This number constitutes a small fraction of the 18,425 estimated cocoa farmers in the district. A guide to trade practices international trade centre. Cocoa crop requires an average annual rainfall of mm to 2000 mm and a relative humidity of 8085%.
Apart from this, early in the 20th century a series of introductions were made by the. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Agriculture in ghana consists of a variety of agricultural products and is an established economic sector, and provides employment on a formal and informal basis. Chocolate science and technology wiley online books. Cocoa is an important commercial plantation crop of the world. In west africa, latin america and southeast asia, cocoa is an important cash crop, providing income to more than 4. Traditionally, cocoa was planted under partially cleared forest with remaining trees providing shade to the cocoa trees asare 2005. Welfare arrangements in addition to sharing of cocoa proceeds include provision of housing and food crops grown as intercrop in cocoa farms in some instances. Assessment of incentives for mainstreaming sustainable cocoa production.
Each of these activities requires certain investments in labour and inputs to produce good yields. The results indicated that specialized crop cultivation mono cropping was the agricultural practice most vulnerable to climate change in africa. Rubber plantations are displacing ghanas small cocoa farms. Economic cacao cultivars are grown for the production of dried beans, which are the source of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, cocoa cake and cocoa powder. Several steps are taken by the government of ghana to increase cocoa production, they are as follows. Ghana, indonesia and cameroon with a production figure of 160 thousand. A shippers manual 1990, was a collaborating author and contributed essential material. Cocoa cultivation in ghana cocoa bean chocolate scribd. How to start cocoa plantation farming business plan. This study focuses on the resilience of the cocoa value chain in ghana. Cocoa butter for example, makes up to 50% of the weight of dried cocoa beans and about 30% in regular dark chocolate approx. The lower use in ghana would be expected to lower the overall risk of pesticide intoxica.
The case of eastern region article pdf available in custos e agronegocio 111. The frequency of pesticide use in ghana is lower than in nigeria or cameroon. Cocoa trees do not like too much sun, and its natural habitat is under the heavy rain forest canopy. Incentives for sustainable cocoa production in ghana food and. Cocobod ghana cocoa board, cocoa production, processing. Do you want to start a cocoa plantation business for profit. In ghana, the cocoa or chocolate tree was introduced about 90 years ago. Following this working definition of cocoa producers, it is important to note that the largest part of labor contribution to the cocoa cultivation normally is provided by the spouses and other adult family members baah and wirekobrobby 2011, takane 20021. Behind ivory coast, ghana is the second largest cocoa exporter in the world.
And these are the important ingredients in the commercial bakery, confectionery. The cocoa bean industry is spatially organised there are regions of the world that produce cocoa and regions of the world that demand cocoa. Cocoa cultivation in ghana cocoa bean chocolate free. How to grow oyster mushrooms from used coffee grounds cheap and easy part 1 duration. Determinants of technical efficiency in cocoa production.
Fertilizer requirements applied agricultural resources. It covers cocoa cultivation and production with special attention paid to cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations in the bean, postharvest pretreatments, fermentation and drying processes, and the biochemical basis of these operations. Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in ghana. Scheu, former chief executive officer of the cocoa merchants association of america, inc. Cocoa holdings were largest among sample producers in the western and brong afaho regions. The countries that demand cocoa have the enterprise to manufacture and the income to. Mapping sustainable production in ghanaian cocoa, report to cadbury. It is one of the worlds most valuable crops, cultivated. The equatorial environment with high temperatures and heavy rainfall is the best. Cocoa is the most important agricultural export crop for ghana as it delivers 30% of the countrys total export earnings asantepoku and angelucci, 20. It is grown as an under storey intercrop with sufficient shade in. Cocoa, an important commercial crop of the equatorial region, is extensively planted in areas bordering the gulf of guinea in west africa which include the countries of ghana, nigeria, ivory coast, liberia, sierra leone, togo and dahomey.
Tetra tech 159 bank street, suite 300 burlington, vt 05401 principal contacts. Cocoa is the chief agricultural export of ghana and ghanas main cash crop. In view of the sustainability of cocoa production in ghana, many activities are. Cocoa production and related socialeconomic and climate. Projects on sustainable cocoa production in ghana related to forests. Cocoa bean production in ghana has been fluctuating in. Since its successful introduction from equatorial guinea in 1879 opokuameyaw et al. Cocoa cultivation gradually spread southward through the east indies, and ultimately also to sri lanka in the 19th century. An empirical analysis of cocoa bean production in ghana article pdf available in european scientific journal 1016.
In modern cocoa cultivation, the aim is to maximize early growth and obtain high early yields and sustained peak yields subsequently. And cocoa beans are the source of cocoa butter and cocoa mass. The quality control company, the cocoa research institute of ghana, the cocoa marketing company, and. In the 17th century, the dutch took over a major share of the cocoa trade between america and europe. Jun 27, 2016 climate requirement for cocoa cultivation. Basically, cocoa is tropically grown perennial crop and temperature and rainfall are very important for tree optimum growth and yield. Historically, increases in cocoa production have been achieved through expanding the area. Guide describing trade and industry practices, as well as regulations applying to cocoa traces customs procedures, systems and techniques used at each stage of the cocoa supply chain. Cocoa beans, cocoa nibs, cocoa powders, cocoa liquor, cocoa butter contact us. Pdf an empirical analysis of cocoa bean production in ghana. Establishing the plantation the costs involved here includes clearing the land, planting shade and cocoa trees, pruning, weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications and. Robin dand, specialist in cocoa logistics and author of several publications, including itcs cocoa. While cocoa is generally considered a relatively stable crop with fewer price fluctuations that other staples produced in the tropics rubber, palm oil etc.
Since its establishment in 1947, the ghana cocoa board cocobod has worked hard to sustain the cocoa industry in ghana. Suitable factors required for the cultivation of cocoa are. Farmers who are careful will rap the cocoa pod on a rock or a tree and the pod will easily break this ensures that the beans are not injured. List the steps taken by the government of ghana to increase cocoa production. Review of existing land tenure arrangements in cocoa. Cocoa plays an important role in the economy of ghana.
It is cultivated in coconut and arecanut plantations large scale from 1970 onwards. Cocobod ghanas cocoa board csir council for scientific and industrial research cocoshe cocoa coffee sheanut association crig crops research institute of ghana dps development partners ecowas economic community of west african states fao food and agriculture organization fasdep food and agriculture sector development policy. The period 2000 to 2015 cocoa crop year was used for the study since a major cocoa production boom was. Oct 26, 2018 best climate conditions for cocoa farming in nigeria. How to start cocoa plantation farming business plan checklist. Eastern region of ghana, adopted certified organic cocoa cultivation. Ghana produces a variety of crops in various climatic zones which range from dry savanna to wet forest and which run in eastwest bands across ghana. Cocoa is a crop of humid tropics and so it was introduced as a mixed crop in india in areas where the environments suit the crop. The ghana cocoa board cocobod regulates the cocoa industry in ghana, with a primary mandate of enabling production, processing, and marketing of cocoa as efficiently and effectively as possible ghana cocoa board, 2012. Cocoa cultivation in ghana 6th geography icse chapter 9 marketing along with videos,solved papers and worksheets. Cocoa cultivation gradually spread southward through the east indies, and ultimately also to sri. Pdf cocoa production in ghana kwasi clarks academia.
Agricultural crops, including yams, grains, cocoa, oil palms, kola nuts, and. Cocoa is the chief agricultural export of ghana and ghana s main cash crop. Review of existing land tenure arrangements in cocoa growing. The cocoa plant was first given its botanical name by the swedish natural scientist carl linnaeus, who called it theobroma food of the gods cacao knight, 1999. Rubber plantations are displacing ghanas small cocoa. As at the end of 2012, 1,000 cocoa farmers had signed on to the environmentally friendly production practice yayra glover limited ygl, 20. Farmers who are careful will rap the cocoa pod on a rock or a tree and the pod will easily break this. Ghana cocoa board cocobod has worked hard to sustain the cocoa industry in ghana.
Kwaku boateng has disclosed that coconut farming is second to cocoa production in ghana. Cocoa products like chocolate, pebbles, and cocoa powder are used by many ghanaians. The countries that produce cocoa have the natural characteristics and usually forced labour to do so. Find here a detailed cocoa plantation business plan checklist with cost, profit, farming process and yield. It has been estimated that in 20102011 exports of cocoa ghanas reached 1 004 000 mt gain, 2012in terms of world cocoa exports, ghana has maintained its. To achieve this, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the factors affecting growth and yield of cocoa and to put in the necessary management practices on. Cocoa farming can only be done under very specific climatic conditions which include 22oc temperature and 100250 cm of rainfall, well distributed throughout the year. Cocoa farming an overview 2 theobroma cacao cocoa the principle ingredient in chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown on millions of small, family run farms worldwide.
Cocoa bean trees can be cultivated at altitudes up to 1150 meters above mean sea level msl. Moreover, an important part of the labor on cocoa farms is also done in communal labor or. Single cycle degree programme in economics and management final thesis title the ghanaian cocoa market. To achieve this, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the factors affecting growth and yield of cocoa and to put in the necessary management practices on time as required by the cocoa plant. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vo.